Recent findings from the Pew Research Center reveal that citizens of India and Pakistan overwhelmingly view each other as their greatest geopolitical threats, reflecting a long history of animosity between the two nations.
By Jacob Poushter, Sneha Gubbala and William Miner –
A comprehensive survey conducted by the Pew Research Center has provided fresh insights into the deeply entrenched perceptions between India and Pakistan, nearly 80 years after the partition that led to the formation of these two independent nations. The survey, conducted between February 8 and May 7, 2026, included responses from 3,566 individuals in India, 1,039 in Pakistan, as well as participants from Bangladesh and Sri Lanka, offering a broad view of public opinion across the South Asian region.
Survey Methodology and Objectives
The Pew Research Center aimed to illuminate public sentiment regarding bilateral relations and the perceptions of major global powers. The methodology employed structured interviews to ensure a representative sample of the adult populations in each surveyed country. This latest inquiry builds upon previous research that has examined the global image of India and its neighboring states, reflecting the shifting dynamics in international relations.
Perceptions of Threat and Mutual Distrust
The survey results indicate that a significant majority of both Indians and Pakistanis regard each other as their foremost geopolitical threats. Specifically, 54% of Indians identify Pakistan as their greatest threat, while 43% of Pakistanis view India similarly. This mutual distrust is highlighted by the fact that approximately 90% of Pakistanis harbor an unfavorable view of India, with about 73% expressing very unfavorable opinions. Conversely, 78% of Indians view Pakistan negatively, including 65% who hold very negative sentiments towards their neighbor.
The survey further reveals demographic nuances in the perception of Pakistan within India. Indian Muslims, who constitute about 15% of the population, express somewhat more favorable views of Pakistan compared to their Hindu counterparts, with 21% of Muslims holding favorable opinions versus only 6% of Hindus.
Geopolitical Alliances and Global Perceptions
In addition to mutual perceptions of threat, the survey sheds light on how both nations view major world powers. Indian respondents generally favor the United States and Russia, with 36% identifying Russia as their most important ally and 16% naming the U.S. In stark contrast, Pakistanis overwhelmingly support China as their primary ally, with 75% expressing favorable opinions, and to a lesser extent, Saudi Arabia at 12%. This divergence in alliances reflects broader geopolitical trends that have emerged over the years, particularly as both nations navigate their respective positions in a rapidly changing global landscape.
Commitment to Bilateral Relations
Both nations exhibit skepticism toward the other’s commitment to fostering positive bilateral relations. A majority of Indian respondents believe their government and populace are dedicated to improving relations with Pakistan, while most Pakistanis feel that India lacks genuine commitment to this goal. Approximately a quarter of Indians remain uncertain about the commitment levels of the Pakistani people and government, indicating a complex interplay of perceptions that often complicates diplomatic efforts.
Historical Context of India-Pakistan Relations
The animosity between India and Pakistan can be traced back to the violent partition in 1947, which resulted in significant demographic shifts and communal violence. This historical backdrop continues to shape current perceptions, as both countries grapple with the legacies of conflict, territorial disputes, and national narratives that often emphasize rivalry over cooperation. The ongoing dispute over Kashmir remains a particularly contentious issue, further complicating efforts to establish constructive dialogue.
Views on China and Russia
The survey findings reveal a stark contrast in perceptions of China between the two countries. An overwhelming 90% of Pakistanis hold a favorable view of China, in contrast to only about a quarter of Indians who express similar sentiments. Furthermore, Indians demonstrate greater confidence in Russian leadership compared to their Pakistani counterparts, with 58% of Indians viewing Russia favorably versus only 39% of Pakistanis. In regards to U.S. relations, Indians are three times more likely to hold a favorable opinion of the U.S. compared to Pakistanis, highlighting the contrasting geopolitical orientations of the two nations.
Implications for Regional Stability
The findings from the Pew Research Center paint a complex picture of South Asian geopolitics, with significant implications for regional stability and international relations. The divergent views on major powers like the U.S., China, and Russia indicate strategic alignments that could reshape future diplomatic engagements. As both nations continue to grapple with their national identities and historical grievances, the prospects for improved relations appear fraught with challenges.
This survey underscores the critical need for dialogue and understanding in a region marked by historical enmity. The perceptions held by the populations of India and Pakistan not only affect bilateral relations but also influence broader regional dynamics in South Asia. As both nations navigate their complexities, fostering mutual understanding may be essential in addressing long-standing conflicts and building a more stable future.
